PamGene’s instrumentation measure tens to hundreds of protein characteristics in patient samples such as binding activities (the PamChip^® Nuclear Hormone Receptor program) and enzymatic activities (the PamChip^® Kinase program). This makes it possible to perform in vitro studies to show the effects of medicines on the protein activities released from clinical samples.

1. Small molecular drugs –kinase inhibitors
   Kinases are the targets of a class of medicines comprising of small molecular drugs, so called kinase inhibitors that directly inhibit the enzymatic activity of kinases. In PamGene’s test protocol the kinases are released from the cells and come into contact with the inhibitor. The inhibitor’s on and off-target effects on the kinase activities are monitored.
   
   
2. Biotherapeutics -antibody therapies
   Biotherapeutics are a class of medicines based on antibodies that bind and block specific receptor functions on the outside of cells.  As a consequence, the kinase pathways inside the cells that are connected to these receptors can be substantially influenced. Cells are incubated with the medicine and the effect is measured by releasing the kinases and measuring their activity in the treated cells. Comparison of this activity with kinase activity in untreated cells yields biomarker information. This information is particularly valuable if cell lines, representing responding and non-responding patients, or patient samples with those characteristics, have been used in the experiment